Effects of Motivation on Learned Helplessness - 3158 Words

Effects of Motivation on Learned Helplessness Learned helplessness is a psychological condition in which a human being or an animal has learned to act or behave helpless in a particular situation, even when it has the power to change its unpleasant or even harmful circumstance (Seligman, 1975). This feeling of helplessness is generated when the individual has been exposed to previous uncontrollable events and thus learns to fail in the current situation because responding in the past had yielded insignificant results (Nation Massad, 1975). Therefore by attributing uncontrollable negative outcomes to internal and lasting causes, people might perceive that future events will also be uncontrollable. As such, helplessness is manifested in†¦show more content†¦From these inventories, the researchers found that the need for validation from others was positively related to negative moods such as anxiety and depression. On the other hand, a person who is more self reinforcing (high er intrinsic motivation) is less vulnerable to anxiety and depression. This is mainly because individuals with a high need for reassurance from others (extrinsically motivated) are more vulnerable to anxiety and depression when others are not present to motivate them compared to intrinsically motivated individuals. Since learned helplessness is often linked with depression (Abraham, Metalsky Alloy, 1989) extrinsically motivated individuals are more prone to learned helplessness compared to intrinsically motivated individuals. Thus, this research shows mixed results on whether motivation helps to reduce learned helplessness. The present study hopes to show that motivation does help in reducing learned helplessness among young adults. The study does not aim to replicate any of the earlier studies but serves as a brand new experiment to affirm the fact that motivation helps in reducing learned helplessness. The hypothesis to be proved is that motivation aids in reducing learned helple ssness among young adults. This concurs with the studies done by Seligman (1975), Kuhl (1981), Deci and Ryan (2000) Boggiano and Barrett (1985) in the motivation helps to reduce learnedShow MoreRelatedEssay Success is a Subjective State of Mind925 Words   |  4 Pagesit means. It is a definition that changes within each individual’s personality and conforms to their needs and desires (2014). Obadassi Battal, a writer for the International Journal of Academic Research, wrote an article titled The Effect of Learned Helplessness of the Success. He discovers intrigued cognitive correlations between learning abilities and success. By following a group of students from fourth grade on, he developed an interesting hypothesis. He believes that with few exceptions,Read MoreHappiness and Helplessness978 Words   |  4 PagesLecture 8 Helplessness happiness †¢ Why did Seligman and maier use a tripartite design? †¢ What are the long term effect sof uncontrollable stressors †¢ What does delta p = 0 Pavlov †¢ Pavlov’s apparatus †¢ 2 different procedures: classical conditioning and then punishment †¢ because using dogs in experiment, noticed that if dogs had been through classical conditioning experiments, could not be used in avoidance experiments o but adverse for the opposite (avoidance exp dogs 1st could learnRead MoreLearned Helplessness Is A Mental Disorder1813 Words   |  8 PagesLearned helplessness is a mental disorder that affects many people in our society. The term learned helplessness was first used by Martin Seligman and Steven Maier in the 1960’s. Dictionary.com defines it as â€Å"a mental condition in which one becomes unable to help oneself due to previous failed attempts at controlling one’s life.† This is not a genetic disorder that can be passed down from family members, rather a learned behavior that develops due to environmental factors. Seligman and Maier’s researchRead MoreThe Controversial Concept Of Battered Woman Syndrome1121 Words   |  5 Pageswith the murder of their partner, however since the syndrome wasn’t confirmed through scientific research as a real disorder, it didn’t enjoy widespread support from the forensic psychologist’s community. Learned Helplessness Originally, battered woman syndrome was termed as learned helplessness. Walker applied the concept to describe women who lack the strength to get out of an abusive relationship or their failure to protect themselves and their children (Walker, 1977). Sequence of Violence SubsequentRead MoreMotivation Students With Learning Disabilities886 Words   |  4 PagesMotivation in Students with Learning Disabilities Rizka Puspitarani (3490616) What is Learning Disability? Learning disabilities (LD), or in some clinical cases called specific learning disorder, is a neurodevelopmental disorder which the individual is experiencing difficulties in learning and using academic skills (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Person with LD usually shows at least one difficulty in literacy (i.e.: inaccurate or slow and takes effort to read, difficult to understandRead MoreThe Effects of Stress Essay1158 Words   |  5 Pageswith a typical one describing the concept as the emotional and physiological responses to circumstances that are too difficult to cope with or to solve and which one has no choice but to endure them (1). This essay will aim at discussing causes and effects of stress as well as the factors triggering stressful feelings, while drawing on opinions and theories of major psychologists and researchers in the field. To begin with, stress can be caused by a number or a combination of psychological and physicalRead MoreAn Individual Education Plan ( Iep )899 Words   |  4 Pageswasn’t until I became older that I was able to recognize it’s negative effects as I pursued a better education for myself. From the onset of my admission into a segregated classroom in grade 4, I was able to observe that my peers were easily given a better opportunity to learn, not only broad concepts among different classes but even basics that I so often missed out on. Additionally, I eventually developed learned helplessness and in turn became socially isolated. When compared to my peers nowRead MoreHow Self Determination, Education, Has On Children Who Have Special Needs Essay1467 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to explore the effect self-determination, in education, has on children who have special needs. The goal of this paper is to show that people with special needs need to be taught self-determination in order to produce an independent adult who can take care of themselves to their fullest extent. Upon looking at the research cited, it has become evident that a low level of self-determination will result in a child that cannot make decisions for themselves. Those studentsRead MoreThe Indian Residential School System1531 Words   |  7 Pagesother main stream educational facility (First Nations Studies Program, 2009). The abuse that the victims suffered during their attendance at the residential school far from concluded at that point. It is evident that it has had an intergenerational effect culturally and psycho logically and has caused an incredible loss of family dynamic. The United Nations definition of genocide is â€Å"the forced transfer of children from one group to another† (1948). It is highly arguable that the Canadian governmentRead More Exceptional Students Essay1534 Words   |  7 Pagesexperience, not by consequences. Children with learning disabilities often develop a feeling of â€Å"learned helplessness†. This is caused as a result of continual failure, and develops the expectations of future failure. This has negative effects on self-esteem, risk taking and achievement motivation. When teachers focus on individual successes, rather than standard expectations, the ideas of learned helplessness will gradually diminish. Behavior strategies are another area those working with disabled student

Mass and Kinetic Energy Essay - 964 Words

Disk With Weight: A 15 kg uniform disk of radius R = 0.25 m has a string wrapped around it, and a m = 3 kg weight is hanging on the string. The system of the weight and disk is released from rest. a) When the 3 kg weight is moving with a speed of 2.2 m/s, what is the kinetic energy of the entire system? KETOT = KEwheel+KEweight = (1/2)(I)(w2)+(1/2)(m*v2) =(0.5* v2)(m+1/2M) =0.5*(2.2^2)*(3+(.5*15)) J b) If the system started from rest, how far has the weight fallen? H = KETOT/MG = 0.5*(2.2^2)*(3+(.5*15))/(3*9.8) m c) What is the angular acceleration at this point? Remember that a = ÃŽ ±R, or ÃŽ ± = a/R Solve for acceleration by using†¦show more content†¦Now, what is the translational kinetic energy of the sphere at the bottom of the incline? =mgh (because there’s no KErot, this is what ends up happening) 4.2*3.7sin(33)*9.8 Bar and Weights A beam of mass mb = 10.0 kg, is suspended from the ceiling by a single rope. It has a mass of m2 = 40.0 kg attached at one end and an unknown mass m1 attached at the other. The beam has a length of L = 3 m, it is in static equilibrium, and it is horizontal, as shown in the figure above. The tension in the rope is T = 637 N. a) Determine the unknown mass m1, at the left end of the beam. Sum of the forces = 0 because the system is in equilibrium, so we can do F= ma, ma= 0, so F=0 m1g+m2g+m3g-Ft= 0 g(m1+m2+m3)=Ft m1= (Ft/g)-(m2+m3) 15 b) Determine the distance, x, from the left end of the beam to the point where the rope is attached. Note: take the torque about the left end of the beam. =2.07 Hanging Sign A sign has a mass of 1050 kg, a height h = 1 m, and a width W = 4 m. It is held by a light rod of length 5 m that is perpendicular to a rough wall. A guy wire at 23 ° to the horizontal holds the sign to the wall. Note that the distance from the left edge of the sign to the wall is 1 m.Show MoreRelatedThe Physics of Roller Coasters1551 Words   |  7 Pagesknowledge that physics offers us? The answer is no. Roller coasters are driven by physics; it mobilizes and gives its riders amusement through forces such as inertia, gravitation, and centripetal forces and utilizes different types of energies such as potential and kinetic energy. Physics is what makes roller coasters safe and effective. It is not only the high speed of the trains of a roller coaster that makes the ride so thrilling but the acceleration of the train and the occasional feeling of weightlessnessRead MoreThe Physics Of Mechanical And Kinetic Energies1247 Words   |  5 PagesThe mechanical, gravitational potential and kinetic energies (measured and average) showed trends with the masses of the balls. 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The ball has potential energy while momentarily at rest at the top of the path. 2Read MoreConservation of Energy1736 Words   |  7 PagesCONSERVATION OF ENERGY OBJECTIVE The purpose of this experiment is to calculate the gravitational potential energy through experimental values, to calculate the theoretical potential energy given the experimental kinetic energy in an isolated system while also using the kinetic energy to find the spring constant, and to compare kinetic energies and potential energies in an isolated system to see if they are equivalent. METHOD To calculate the gravitational potential energy through experimentalRead MorePhysics Of The Field Of Medicine1381 Words   |  6 Pagesto accelerate a puck a distance from the blue line to the net. 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Therefore the ball travelling down the ramp that is not as steep will possess more kinetic energy after collisionRead MorePrinciples of Physics of Gymnastics963 Words   |  4 Pages(Gymnastic Corner). Through this sequence, a vault can be broken up into four parts: run, spring board, pre-flight, and post-flight. Each of the sections represents different principles of physics. Some of these principles are acceleration, kinetic and potential energy, work, the force of gravity , Newton’s First, Second, and Third Laws of Motion, momentum, and half projectile motion. For the first section, the run, speed is the most important part in performing a safe vault. The acceleration builds asRead MoreTutorial ‚Äà ¬ Work, Energy813 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Tutorial – Work, Energy (Assume the acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m/s2 ) 1. Calculate the work done when a force of 40 N pushes an object a distance of 500 m in the same direction as the force. 2. Calculate the work done when a mass is lifted vertically by a crane to a height of 5 m, the force required to lift the mass being 98 N. 3. A spring, initially in a relaxed state, is extended by 100 mm. Determine the work done by using a work diagram if the spring requiresRead MoreThe Effect Of Energy On The Body1246 Words   |  5 Pagesbe thought of as energy. Energy is a ubiquitous substance that is not necessarily tangible but can be easily detected. For example, electrical energy, chemical energy, light, heat, nuclear energy and mechanical energy are all forms of energy; yet, the ability to define each as a physical material can be relatively difficult. To continue, energy can neither be created nor destroyed but exists in two forms – potential and kinetic. Feyman et al. (2013) reported that potential energy is the capacity for

Democratic Change and the Change to Democracy Free Essays

Democratic change and the change to democracy: cycle chapter 2, I learned that change drives the world, leaders drive change and change requires partners. Together we can develop vital change and conflict management skills and processes, we can facilitate the resolution of disputes, and empower ordinary people to participate In decision making at the local and national level. A more stringent definition of democracy demands more than Just fair elections. We will write a custom essay sample on Democratic Change and the Change to Democracy: or any similar topic only for you Order Now It defines a liberal democracy or also known as a full democracy In a littoral system In which most of the governments officials are elected. The free speech and free press help ensure that democratic governments are accountable to their citizens In a way that authoritarian regimes are not. However, full liberal democracy requires free contested elections, respect for call liberties, and support for pluralism in society. Some scholars argue that any definition of democracy is incomplete ( Handel 2009 pig 30 Developing countries have played a notable role in our history. The third wave darted in the late ass’s and started winding down by the twenty first century. Third wave transitions were most dramatic in the former Soviet union and eastern European allies. This brought the cold war to an end. Many East Asian dictatorship mostly South Korea, Taiwan, Indonesia and Singapore enjoyed spectacular economic success from the uses through the late sass’s. How to cite Democratic Change and the Change to Democracy:, Papers

Benihana of Tokyo free essay sample

Benihana of Tokyo Benihana of Tokyo has been very successful for the last 40 years since 1964. From a small restaurant, it has developed into a chain of themed restaurants. The success of Benihana has been attributed to the superb total quality management (TQM) process especially in maintaining the overall exotic ambience and the high quality food provided. All these strengths contribute to providing an unforgettable dining experience to its consumers and are reflected in their ability to retain consumers which is shown in exhibit 4 such that 65. % of their customers are return customers. Benihana is able to minimize cost effectively without affecting the quality of food and service provided. From Exhibit 1, total costs of sales are kept to 35-45% of total sales. Their attempt to reduce operating costs is also reflected through a reasonable net profit margin of 0. 5-9% of sales. Benihana made use of floor space efficiently to decrease labor costs and rent. We will write a custom essay sample on Benihana of Tokyo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The elimination of the conventional kitchen with the hibachi arrangement allows the company to keep labor costs low and at the same time, give huge amount of attentive service. This boosted its dining experience, through constant interaction with consumers. Benihana also focuses on setting up their businesses in areas with high traffic, especially in the business district areas. Rent is usually higher in these areas. By using floor space more efficiently, Benihana is able to serve more consumers during peak period and allow for more sales to cover the higher rental costs. The concept that Benihana adopts is that consumers are served at their tables with freshly prepared food by the chef. By only providing 3 menus to consumers, this reduces food costs and wastage. Benihana’s lower food costs are also reduced through the use of fresh ingredients, where storage is minimized. The main process flow of a Benihana restaurant is different from a typical restaurant. In Benihana, the orders for the soup, salad and beverages taken by the waiter while the order for the main dish is taken directly to the chef. This allows Benihana to quicken the process flow, and make it more efficient, as it eliminated the waiting time in ordering and receiving their orders. As the food is freshly prepared, the production flow is very short as there is limited movement to the food being moved from the storage area to the tables where food is being prepared. As food is being served on the spot after being cooked, this allows Benihana to maintain their quality of the food, and this satisfies consumers as shown in their feedback in Exhibit 4, where food is the main highlight of Benihana restaurants. Benihana is also able to reduce labor costs through the use of a simple management structure in each of their restaurant. In addition, chefs and waiters would clear the dishes and set the table for the next customer, unlike the use of cleaners in typical restaurants. This also reduces labor costs. Benihana success is also attributed to their TQM system where the management also emphasizes the importance of quality control in every employee’s responsibility. They emphasize quality in their inputs like the high quality food provided, and the sources of food are also selected carefully. Benihana also highlight quality in the process of serving their food to their consumers. However, the management of Benihana also faces problems despite their raving success. Their attempts to go into franchising didn’t go as planned as Rocky was unwilling to give up its control, and he felt that these franchisees were not well equipped with the experience and knowledge to run a food business, especially one that relates with Japanese culture. In addition, Bill Susha, the head of Operations for Benihana recognizes that if Benihana wants to continue to expand, it will face higher costs in terms of rental as well as shortage of well trained employees. Although Benihana has been proven that their uniqueness cannot be replicated easily by competitors, critics have been predicting that the uniqueness of Benihana is only a fad and it will not last. As Benihana is providing not only products, but also the service, they should continue to emphasize and improve on their TQM, as in this industry, employees are key input sources and by implementing TQM, there will be positive impacts on the service being delivered.

The Lady of Newkirk Plaza free essay sample

There is a patchwork-clad homeless woman that lives outside the Newkirk Plaza subway station, and every time I pass her sitting on her cold cement curb it rips my heart right out. This woman has haunted my thoughts throughout my childhood. I have always kept her at the periphery of my mind; in a way part of me is always with her, at the plaza. Yet twice a day every day for years I had passed her and justified not stopping to help her. I was always too busy – or so I told myself. The truth was, I was too uncomfortable, and too preoccupied with my own life, to even ask her name. I think that one of the reasons I passed by her so often, at least subconsciously, was the perceived futility in stopping at all. Deep down I think I felt that the problem of homelessness was too big for me; an essay on Macbeth and a math test more reasonable challenges to tackle. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lady of Newkirk Plaza or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One day as I passed her, though, I just lost it. Angry at my own inaction and my willful blindness, I went up to the lady of Newkirk Plaza and I emptied my pockets to her. If I had premeditated this at all I mightve known what to do next, but I hadnt and I didnt, and so I quickly turned a corner and found myself a stoop to sit on. I suppose I gave my money to the woman in hopes of reaching some cathartic fulfillment, but I had no such luck. As I threw my crumpled bills down, I realized how perverse the entire situation was. There is no more self-serving a reason to give than because you perceive a living, breathing human being as a route for self-fulfillment. That day, I learnt an uncomfortable truth about charity. In giving her all my money, I realized that there is no clear-cut distinction between right and wrong here; I cant just equate giving with right and not giving with wrong. Long have I struggled with the knowledge that, in my socio-economic position, I face the ethical dilemma of being the judge of the worth of other human beings on a daily basis, but it was not until that moment that I realized how much of a dizzying spectrum there is in act of giving. The spectrum is about mindfulness. Keeping in mind the humanity of the person Im giving to is as much a part of the giving: if I were to give out of pity, I would be dehumanizing the object of my aid to just that – an object. Im at a point where the underlying meaning is clear to me, but the path is still hidden. I know that I must strive towards empathy; solidarity; mindfulness in my day-to-day interactions, but I dont know quite how. Self-doubts aside, though, the lady of Newkirk Plaza has taught me that the time to start interacting with the world around me has finally come.

Free Essays on History Of Korean Economy

Few scholars of economics describe Korean economic success as â€Å"The miracle on the Han.† Korean economic success from the 1960s to 1980s is contributed by a number of international, social, political, and cultural factors. Korea’s economic transformation did not happen overnight or restricted to just few ingredients. In my opinion these factors were interrelated in many ways. Not one factor by itself could be responsible for such a complicated task. Influences of international powers have shaped Korean economy in many ways. Japan and United States’ influence has been extraordinary compared to others. Japanese colonialism unmistakably laid foundations for transformation to modern economy of Korea. Under Japanese rule, Korea changed from agricultural oriented society to a modern industrialized nation. The colonial government, although its intentions were geared for their gains, helped establish railroads, textile factories, power plants, and others. United Sta tes plays a crucial role for war-devastated Korea in the 1950s. U.S. aided more than any nation through military and economic assistance. Its assistance laid foundations for modern economy that present Korea built itself on. But international help alone cannot be held responsible for economic success of Korea. A dynamic class of entrepreneurs and a class of dependable and efficient industrial workers that were able to assimilate and change with global economic trends were also essential. Without them foreign capital and technology into the economy is likely to be a wasted effort (Eckert et al., 1990, p. 400). The country’s low standard of living and low pay invited and promoted foreign investments. Although Korea provided cheap labor and quality products it would not have been complete without government’s strong hold on policies. Authoritarian rule of General Part era might not be approved by most democratic nations at the time but for Korea, it seemed necessary. With... Free Essays on History Of Korean Economy Free Essays on History Of Korean Economy Few scholars of economics describe Korean economic success as â€Å"The miracle on the Han.† Korean economic success from the 1960s to 1980s is contributed by a number of international, social, political, and cultural factors. Korea’s economic transformation did not happen overnight or restricted to just few ingredients. In my opinion these factors were interrelated in many ways. Not one factor by itself could be responsible for such a complicated task. Influences of international powers have shaped Korean economy in many ways. Japan and United States’ influence has been extraordinary compared to others. Japanese colonialism unmistakably laid foundations for transformation to modern economy of Korea. Under Japanese rule, Korea changed from agricultural oriented society to a modern industrialized nation. The colonial government, although its intentions were geared for their gains, helped establish railroads, textile factories, power plants, and others. United Sta tes plays a crucial role for war-devastated Korea in the 1950s. U.S. aided more than any nation through military and economic assistance. Its assistance laid foundations for modern economy that present Korea built itself on. But international help alone cannot be held responsible for economic success of Korea. A dynamic class of entrepreneurs and a class of dependable and efficient industrial workers that were able to assimilate and change with global economic trends were also essential. Without them foreign capital and technology into the economy is likely to be a wasted effort (Eckert et al., 1990, p. 400). The country’s low standard of living and low pay invited and promoted foreign investments. Although Korea provided cheap labor and quality products it would not have been complete without government’s strong hold on policies. Authoritarian rule of General Part era might not be approved by most democratic nations at the time but for Korea, it seemed necessary. With...

Volatile organic Compounds Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Volatile organic Compounds - Lab Report Example The major effects of the compound on human health are in the central nervous system. When it accumulates in the body, it affects the nervous system and the result can be very detrimental. The other effects of chloroform include dizziness, tiredness, nausea, vomiting, and headache. On the other hand, the main source of the TCE in the drinking water is from the discharge from metal degreasing procedures and other factor processes. In other cases, the ground water may also be contaminated with TCE especially in areas that are near the industrial sources and the old dumpsites. The consumption of water containing TCE may result in increased chances of experiencing liver problems and developing cancer (Scott & Cogliano, 2000). In order to define the presence other harmful compounds in the water, it will be imperative that more tests and laboratory analyses on other Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) are done. These are compounds with chemical and physical properties which allow them to move between air and water. With these further tests, it will be possible to draw conclusions about the state of your drinking

Western Civilizations History Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Western Civilizations History - Research Paper Example Dictatorship is the opposite of the democracy, where the citizens are not allowed any freedoms. Hitler was a German leader who embraced the German People’s Party and later became an active member. When holding the party’s position of a spokesperson, he renamed the party the National Socialist German Workers’ party (NAZI). During this time, he was still employed by the army. Due to his excellent skills in speaking, he got the support of many people. Hitler was a great admirer of the Japanese leader Mussolini. When he rose to power in the early 1930s, both Hitler and Mussolini became allies. However, their friendship became a marriage of convenience and not that of sister states. Despite the earlier differences between the two countries, and those of the two leaders, they formed a formidable alliance. Germany under Hitler offered support to Rome during and after the Abyssinian crisis that the country was facing in the mid-1930s. The ambitions of Mussolini of building a new empire that would replicate the ancient Rome targeted Abyssinia. He invaded and occupied the state, and received a lot of criticism from the League of Nations. Hitler himself had pulled Germany out of the League of Nations in 21933. With the support of Hitler, he went ahead to carry out his plan. In 1936, Germany and Italy were involved in a civil with

Free writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Free writing - Essay Example But, luckily, this fear did not turn out to be the be all and end all of most of my pursuits. During my childhood days in South Korea I turned towards nature for inspiration and guidance. I observed that nature tended to achieve perfection by diligently and persistently working on small things. The growing of a leaf of grass, the falling of a drop of rain on the parched earth, the first flight of a hatchling from one’s nest, the existence of large wiggly colonies of insects below the dead logs, the shedding of the leaves in fall, the blooming of flowers in the spring, all these things do not declare their existence with much grandeur and fanfare. Yet, there is no denying the fact that they adorn the earth with much beauty and charm. Hence, it was through my observation of nature that I learned the strength inherent in small things. It was how I came to the conclusion that perhaps I may not be able to wrest big achievements in my life, but certainly I can accomplish many small things through my dedication and sincerity. So I brought this magic of small things to all the aspects of my life. To begin with, I honed my proficiency in small things in the much benign and salubrious family atmosphere in Korea. It was through observing my family members that I realized that a person is dependent on the kindness of others when one is born, and also one is dependent on the kindness of others when one gets old, then how come we forget the relevance of kindness and compassion in the more robust, middle part of our lives? So my experience as a family man was a story of love and compassion. I may not have been able to do big things for my family, but I am sure they will always remember me for the love and kindness I put in the small things I did for them. In my academic and professional career I also always laid stress on the strength inherent in small things. Without sounding arrogant, I would not shy away from saying that my success as

Wizard of Oz Analysis Essay

Wizard of Oz Analysis Essay When I was five years old, my family gathered around the T.V. on a snowy Sunday night and watched a special presentation of The Wizard of Oz. Shortly thereafter, I picked up L. Frank Baums The Wonderful Wizard of Oz  [1]  and was hooked. I read every Oz book that I could find at the public library. Nearly twenty years later, I picked up The Wonderful Wizard of Oz again and found a subtle depth which I did not expect, especially through the feminist lens. Both the book and the film are well-suited for a feminist critique because of Dorothy, the female heroine, and other important female characters. While Baums novel presents a relatively progressive view of women, the 1939 MGM adaptation of the book portrays women as weak and best suited for domestic life through the weakening of Dorothy as a character, the emphasis of Dorothys desire to get home, the dream motif, and the elimination of important female characters. The Wizard of Oz is one of the most important cultural texts of the twentieth century. MGMs movie was an instant hit: and, afterward, thanks to annual prime time television showings, more people have seen it than any other motion picture ever made (McClelland 13). The Library of Congress even included The Wizard of Oz with 24 other films that it declared to be national treasures (Rahn 109). Even with the immense popularity, the film was not met with universal critical acclaim when it was released. Raylyn Moore documents that many critics gave the film scathing reviews. She adds her own assessment: Throughout, the production seesaws alarmingly between the sentimental and the grotesque, the very pitfalls Baum so scrupulously avoided in his first Oz book (Moor 90). Like the film, Baums novel has received its fair share of criticism. Suzanne Rahn chronicles the history of the books reception throughout the century following its publishing. Most people wouldnt hesitate to call [The Wonderful Wizard of Oz] a classic of American childrens literature. Yet if a childrens classic can be defined as a book that is admired by critics and loved by children, then [The Wonderful Wizard of Oz] belongs in a peculiar category of its own. Enthusiastically received by the first reviewers, the Oz books fell into such disfavor with childrens librarians 30 years later that they were systematically purged from library collections. [. . .] Then, in the 1970s, the pendulum swung again. The last 20 years have seen a renewed acceptance and appreciation of the Oz books, accompanied by critical analyses from the full gamut of perspectives-political, economic, spiritual, feminist, and psychological. The MGM film version of The Wizard, too, has received careful study and increasing respect. Yet reservations are still expressed; while no one today would deny the cultural importance of The Wizard, its quality as literature remains somewhat in doubt. (12) As Rahn illustrates, even works that have dubious literary merit often merit scholarly analysis. Arguably, the diversity of critical perspectives applied to the study of the text and film in the scholarly community speak to the value of the works as art forms. Regardless of any particular readers or viewers personal response to the film or the text, both have shown sufficient cultural influence to deserve closer scrutiny. Both the novel and the film lend themselves extremely well to a feminist examination of the texts. While it may seem odd to apply feminist theory to childrens literature, gender issues are often blatantly represented. As Lizbeth Goodman writes, If we take a [. . .] look at some of the most popular childrens story books, we can quickly see that gender inequalities are represented there (16). Goodman also notes that our first experiences with language often come through the medium of childrens books and that these books can have a powerful impact on how we conceptualize the world around us (16). Additionally, the life of Frank Baum strongly suggests the appropriateness of a feminist reading. Baum was a vigorous political supporter of the womens suffrage movement (Dighe 6). His wife also came from a family of womens rights activists. Her mother even wrote a book about the history of the suffrage movement (Moore 50). It is apparent in Baums Oz books that he consciously deals with gender roles. Baums sequel to The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is a blatant satire of certain strands of the womens suffrage movement (Huebel 35). S.J. Sackett examines [Ozs] value system and detail and sees there respect for individual freedom and nonconformity, the absence of militarism, equality of the sexes, [etc.] (Rahn 20). But perhaps the most compelling reason to look at feminism in both the book and the film is the preeminence of female characters (Moore 119). While both the novel and the film have many of the same important female characters, the film systematically portrays a more oppressive and sexist vision of women than Baum does in the original text. This is evidenced, most obviously, through the portrayal of Dorothy. In the novel, Dorothy is portrayed as a very strong, brave, resourceful six-year-old. Moore gives the following description: To the Wizards thundering I am Oz the Great and Terrible . . , she firmly replies, I am Dorothy, the Small and Meek . . , but she is not really meek any more than the Wizard is really terrible. Faced with getting back home to Kansas, she sets about it with implacable determination. And when the Wizard makes it a condition of his helping her that she destroy the second witch, she sets out immediately to do it, even though she does not want to destroy anyone or anything. (154) Dorothy is also very independent. She meets adults like the Good Witch of the North and the Munchkins who cannot help her, but she continues on her journey. In the book, it is her idea to wear the shoes (silver, not ruby-red) as she travels because she figures that they do not run the risk of wearing out (Rahn 58-59). Additionally, Rahn illustrates how Dorothy serves as an Everyman for children to follow: [. . .] Dorothy is not merely an Everyman but a model for children to emulate. [. . .] She is sensible, friendly, helpful, brave without being foolhardy, deeply attached to her friends and family, and resolute in pursuing her goals. She does not change dramatically in the course of the journey, for this is not the course of someone who badly needs to change (like Bilbo in The Hobbit or Mary Lennox in The Secret Garden) but a story of self discovery, in which Dorothy comes to realize her own potential by the journeys end. In this interpretation, the Scarecrow, the Tin Woodman, and the Cowardly Lion represent not only the friends we all need to help us on our way but also the qualities Baum felt were most essential for the traveler-qualities that Dorothy is to find within herself. (57) Dorothy is the true heroine in the novel. She is the one who holds the band of travelers together. She is a very strong female character throughout the text, notwithstanding periodic moments of weakness. In the MGM adaptation, however, Dorothy is portrayed as a weaker character with moments of strength. Arthur Freed, who worked on the film, had a lot to say in the conscientious decision to weaken Dorothys character. Michael Hearn writes in his introduction to the screenplay: But the chief weakness so far, according to Freed, was the lack of a solid and dramatic drive of Dorothys adventures and purposes that will keep the audience rooting for her throughout her trip to Oz. Freed [. . .] demanded that Dorothy have a deep-rooted psychological need back home that would justify her actions in Oz. [. . .] There she is motivated by her generosity to help everyone first before her little orphan heart cries out for what she wants most of all (the love of Aunt Em)-which represents to her the love of a mother she never knew. [. . .] Consequently Dorothy in the film became far more weepy than Baums practical, determined girl from Kansas. (12) Judy Garlands portrayal of Dorothy is considerably more helpless than Baums character. In the film, Dorothy is held a helpless prisoner by the Wicked Witch of the West. She can do nothing for herself until her male friends, the Scarecrow, Lion, and Tin Woodman come to save her as she sobs. When Dorothy defeats the witch, it is because she accidentally douses her with water while trying to splash Scarecrow. The book portrays a much stronger and proactive heroine. Baum has the Scarecrow helplessly scattered across the land, the Tin Woodman dashed to the bottom of a rocky ravine, and the Lion helplessly harnessed in her courtyard. Dorothy engineers her own escape by purposefully throwing water onto the witch. While Dorothy did not know this would kill the witch, her subsequent actions show her as a brave heroine. Moore helps to interpret Dorothys actions. In a struggle over Dorothys magic shoes, of which the wicked sorceress knows the worth while Dorothy does not, [. . .] that water is spilled over the girls enemy, who is at the time also her captress. The witch promptly melts away Like Brown sugar before her very eyes. But practical, self-reliant Dorothy is not one to waste time in pointless hysteria. . . . The Witch fell down in a brown, melted, shapeless mass and began to spread over the clean boards of the kitchen floor. Seeing that she had really melted away to nothing, Dorothy drew another bucket of water and threw it over the mess. She then swept it all out the door. After picking out the silver shoe, which was all that was left of the old woman, she cleaned and dried it with a cloth and put it on her foot again. (154) Dorothy then proceeds to free the Lion and orchestrate the rescue of the Scarecrow and Tin Woodman (109-111). Dorothy is unequivocally the hero in Baums novel. Additionally, Dorothy is further weakened as the dominant female character in the film by her exaggerated desire to return home. While the book contains this same motivation and even includes the phrase, Theres no place like home, this becomes a dominant motif in the movie. As Harmetz explains: Dorothys urgent desire to get home was a part of L. Frank Baums book. (Understandably, since in the book, unlike the movie, the cyclone that picked her up was not fulfilling any wish on her part.) But the movie, by design, inscribed that theme with a hatchet. Be it ever so humble, theres no place like home was a truism and a moral lesson on which L.B. Mayer, Mervyn LeRoy, and Arthur Freed wholeheartedly agreed. (298) Because the movie purposefully portrays Dorothy as trying to escape her Kansas farm, her insistence that she return home as soon as possible sends an even stronger message: women leaving the home is a mistake, and while it may lead to colorful adventures, women are happiest when they are at home. This message is hammered in at the end of the film when Glinda explains to Dorothy why she didnt tell her about the shoes at the beginning. Because she wouldnt have believed me. She had to learn it for herself. At this point, the Tin Man asks, What have you learned, Dorothy? Dorothys response is revealing. Well, I . . .think that it . . . that it wasnt enough just to want to see Uncle Henry and Auntie Em . . . and its that if I ever go looking for my hearts desire again, I wont look any further than my own backyard; because if it isnt there, I never really lost it to begin with! Is that right? Glinda replies, Thats all it is (Hearn 128). The reason that Glinda didnt help Dorothy in the first place is because Dorothy didnt yet understand that her place is in the home. The film sends the clear message that true happiness for women lies in the domestic realm. Baum in his books, however, creates a place for Dorothy both in Kansas and in repeated visits to the Land of Oz. Additionally, the good witch at the beginning of the book doesnt tell Dorothy about the charm of the shoes because she, herself, does not realize the charm; she does not intend to teach Dorothy a lesson. The biggest change made in the film adaptation from the book also serves to entrench this anti-feminist mindset. In the book, Dorothys trip to Oz is very real. The house is actually carried away. When Dorothy returns, Uncle Henry and Aunt Em are surprised to see her. They have already built the new farm house to replace the old one (154). This realness of Dorothys experience in a different world is what makes The Wonderful Wizard of Oz a fantasy. The film effectively eliminates the elements of fantasy from their text, changing the fantastical experience, instead, to a psychological dream. The writers reasoned that, you cannot put fantastic people in strange places in front of an audience unless they have seen them as human beings first (Harmetz cit. in Rahn 124). This decision invalidates Dorothys entire experience in Oz. Rahn describes the critical response, saying: Most critics-and nearly every child who sees the movie-agree that the worst mistake was to explain away Dorothys adventures and Oz itself as a dream. As art, says Harmetz, The movie is flawed by its sentimentality, by its cheerful insistence that east, west, home is best, and by the decision to void Dorothys experience by making it into a dream (229). [. . .] Whatever the film may have suggested about the power of dreams and aspirations, the journey through life, or the discovery of ones own potential is effectively invalidated by this ending. (124) In a sense, Dorothys journey and watered down accomplishments become a counterfeit. The viewer has no reason to believe that Dorothy could survive outside of Kansas in the real world. Additionally, the dream viewed as an expression of Dorothys psyche presents an even more damning view to the potential of women to be strong and solve their problems. Nathanson suggests that a psychoanalytic approach is appropriate in dealing with The Wizard of Oz. It seems clear that The Wizards dream sequence can be interpreted psychoanalytically in terms of growing up (78). When we look at the dream from this perspective, it is clear that the central conflict shifts from Oz in Baums novel to Kansas in the film. Dorothy is not really struggling against witches, flying monkeys, and an incompetent wizard. She is struggling against Mrs. Gulch who wants to take her dog and her desire to escape the dreariness of the Kansas farm. Hence, fight for her independence and the fight for Toto become the two main conflicts in the film. In regards to the first, her dream serves to convince her to stay at home in the domestic role prepared for her by Aunt Em who even tries to keep her from coming near the pig pen, let alone the outside world. In her struggle with Mrs. Gulch, Dorothys victory is fleeting. While the movie ends with Dorothy in possession of Toto, Mrs. Gulch still has the sheriffs order and legal recourse to have Toto put to sleep. In this sense, Dorothys subconscious desire to stay in the domestic confines of the farm is so great that she sacrifices her love for Toto. Where Dorothy is unquestionably victorious in the book and gains strength and wisdom, the films portrayal of her experience as a dream leaves her the ideal woman: a more submissive, ineffectual version of herself. Finally, the films elimination of important female characters from the book devalues the contributions of women in Oz. In the book, there are initially four witches: two good and two bad. The movie condenses the characters of the two good witches into one good witch Glinda. In the book, there is a queen of the mice who plays a critical role in helping the travelers achieve their goals. She is completely omitted from the film. Finally, there is a female stork who rescues Scarecrow from a river. Dighe contends that the stork is symbolic for Baums support of the womens suffrage movement (74). While the elimination of these important female characters arguably gives the film needed directionality, it severely limits the number of major female characters, shifting the balance of power towards the men in the film. The three remaining female main characters all paint an anti-feminist picture. Dorothy, as discussed, is a weakened heroine who sacrifices her dreams and battles for domestic lif e. The Wicked Witch of the West is the only female character who is powerful in the movie and in the real world of Kansas. Ironically, she is portrayed as the stereotypical strong woman: unnatural and evil. Glinda, the one good witch, is the only major character who does not represent an actual person from Kansas. The implication is that women who are powerful and good are imaginary; they do not exist in reality. While the popularity of The Wizard of Oz both in text and film amongst readers and viewers of all ages is almost uncontested, the quality of each of works of art remains debatable. It is clear, however, that gender issues permeate both the novel and the film. While L. Frank Baums book is not the model of feminist equality judged by modern standards, it portrays a world in which good and powerful women exist and where determined and resourceful little girls can accomplish extraordinary things. He illustrates that there is a place for women in both the world of the home and in the world outside the home, just as there are for men. Even though the film was released 39 years after the publication of the novel, its adaptation represents a regressive approach to gender equality through its portrayal of Dorothy, its glorification of domestic life for women, its representation of Oz as a dream, and its elimination of key women from the novel. Which raises the question: why, in our society, s o progressive concerning gender and gender roles, are we still so drawn to MGMs backward film?

The Green IT Movement Essay -- Trends in Green IT

Green IT is a trending topic within Information Technology that when properly leveraged can help an organization to save money, improve efficiency, and reduce its environmental footprint. â€Æ' TABLE OF CONTENTS: ICT and Environment......................................................................................................3 Introduction........................................................................................................3 Overview of Green IT........................................................................................................................4 Importance of Green IT.....................................................................................................................4 Case Studies.........................................................................................................5 Cost of Green IT........................................................................................................................7 Future Scope of Green IT................................................................................................7 CIO's Point of View............................................................................................................8 Is Green IT a Fad?........................................................................................................8 Green IT Framework...............................................................................................................9 Recommendations........................................................................................................10 Learnings from the Course................................................................................................. ...rre Berthon, Victoria Crittenden, Philip DesAutels and Leyland Pitt 6. Greenwich Hospital: http://www.cl-p.com/downloads/Greenwich%20Hospital.pdf?id=4294986860&dl=t 7. Syracuse University: http://blogs.cuit.columbia.edu/greendc/?s=syracuse+university 8. Syracuse University: Desktop http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970204908604574336280116296164?mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052970204908604574336280116296164.html 9. VMware: http://www.cio.com/article/728095/How_BYOD_Saved_VMware_2_Million 10. http://www.emc.com/leadership/tech-view/going-green.htm 11. http://www.carnegiecyberacademy.com/facultyPages/environment/issues.html 12. http://www.greentelecomlive.com/2009/10/23/green-it-now-imperative-for-today%E2%80%99s-corporations-%E2%80%93-connection-research/ 13. http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/503867

Communication in nursing Essay

Introduction. Communication is a necessary skill to have in the nursing profession. We use communication to exchange information between patients, co-workers and all the people around us (Kozier et Erb 2004). No matter the form of communication we are constantly presenting and interpreting people’s ideas and thoughts. Communication is a method we utilize to connect the gap between knowledge and comprehension (Kozier et Erb 2004).This paper will discuss an observation of the personal care home environment, modes of communication such as; verbal and non-verbal, effective communication methods and barriers to communications. Observation Of Personal Care Home Environment. I visited an urban personal care home in the inner city. I will be identifying this personal care home as PCH â€Å"X†. I walked into the facility and it was very clean and spacious. I conducted my observation during lunch time in the dining room. This area was poorly lit and the temperature was very humid. There was also music playing in the background during mealtime. This personal care facility was very respectful, kind and caring to the residents in their care. The communication I observed in general was very clear and concise. Verbal and non-verbal communication. Verbal communication is a mode of communication that uses both written and spoken words (Kozier et Erb 2004). Here is an example of verbal communication: At PCH â€Å"X†, a nurse was giving medication to a resident and he introduced himself. The resident did not respond to the nurse so the nurse approached him in a different manner. He crouched down to the resident’s level and spoke to him again in a calm voice and lightly touched his shoulder. The resident later complied with his directions to take his medication. The nurse took a different approach with his verbal communication by speaking softly. Verbal communication is largely used due to the fact that people usually chose the words they use (Kozier et Erb  2004). Another mode of communication is non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication involves other forms of communication such as gestures, facial expressions, and touch (Kozier et Erb 2004, page 423). Most people who use verbal communication use various forms of non-verbal communication simultaneously. The nurse in the example above used non-verbal communication, when he crouched down to the resident’s level and lightly touched his shoulder. This second example involves non-verbal communication: A Health Care Aide was about to assist a resident with lunch. The resident was not aware of his environment and had difficulty feeding himself. The Health Care Aide asked the resident to open his mouth but he did not respond. As a result, the Health Care Aide opened his own mouth and the resident mimicked him and they were able to continue feeding. Effective communication methods. Effective communication is a very important aspect in a nursing career. Here is a summary of some effective communication strategies that I have observed at PCH â€Å"X†: *Health care workers appeared to be neat and tidy wearing uniforms. This will convey a non-verbal communication method of professionalism. Clothing and apparel can be a source of information about a person (Kozier et Erb 2004). *A staff member asked a resident how their lunch tasted. The staff member paraphrased what the client was saying and reinstated the resident’s feelings. This showed the resident that the staff member was actively listening (Kozier et Erb 2004). *Health care workers seemed interested in what clients had to say and differentiated the real from unreal (Kozier et Erb 2004). Health care workers talked to residents about daily activities. One client stated â€Å"I have to go to work; my daughter will be picking me up soon†. The nurse responded â€Å"your daughter will be here to visit but you are retired and you  do not have to work anymore.† These are a few effective communication strategies I have witnessed at PCH â€Å"X†. Communication promotes understanding and can build a constructive relationship with clients and co-workers. As nurses we must be aware of what we say and how we act towards others. Barriers to communication. It is critical to be aware of the good communication methods as well as the bad communications methods. This particular personal care home was very respectful to clients. However, here are some barriers to communication I observed when I was at PCH â€Å"X†: *One resident had a language deficit and had difficulty speaking. The resident was calling out and it seemed as though she wanted something. It was difficult for the staff member to understand what she was saying. He overcame this barrier by asking her yes and no questions until he finally solved what she was trying to say. *Residents were being talked to like children. The clients were often referred to as â€Å"dear, sweetheart, or darling†. During lunch, I also overhead someone saying â€Å"we have to change you diaper you made a pooh-pooh†. This may demean a client however; this communication barrier can be resolved by calling residents by their name and by respecting their dignity as a person. *Residents can also be hard of hearing. A nurse was talking to a resident with his back turned asking him questions and he did not reply back. She continued to speak louder and the resident later asked why she was yelling. The nurse should have faced the client while speaking to him so he could realize that he was being spoken to. Nurses need to recognize the barriers to effective communication. Barriers make communication become non-therapeutic. Non-therapeutic strategies to communication can be detrimental to a healing relationship. Conclusion. In conclusion, communication is extremely important especially to a nurse. To properly assess clients’ needs we must be able to communicate with them verbally and non-verbally. If we can identify the barriers to communication we can find effective strategies to resolve them. We have to be clear when we communicate to our patients. A misinterpretation of instructions, plans, and vital information can be harmful to a client’s health and well being. Caring and comforting is an important aspect of nursing and that can only be demonstrated through effective communication techniques. References Kozier & Erb, Barbara, et al. Fundamentals of Nursing. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004.

Handgun Control essays

Handgun Control essays As an American citizen, you are automatically entitled to own and carry a gun, thanks to the second amendment of the constitution, which states A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. This amendment was a dominant force in the development of the United States and has strong roots in the American public and their view on life. The rights to bear arms, specifically handguns has become a very hot topic as of late and has many people crying foul, as the thought of banning or even controlling firearms with the use of gun control, gives people the impression that their constitutional rights are being taken away. Those in favor of gun control cite numerous accidental deaths and violent crimes in their plight to impose restrictions on those who carry, and whish to carry concealed handguns. On the other side of the spectrum are those who whish to preserve the second amendment and con tinue with their right to bear arms and protect themselves from crime by means of their own. Many vocal leaders have emerged on both sides, some with credibility, some with nothing more than a name, but regardless of whom you ask, the question of gun control will raise a passionate argument either for or against the restrictions on firearms, more specifically handguns. The world is not a safe place, it has never been a safe place, and as for the future, it does not appear it will be safe anytime soon. There have always been criminals and there has always been crime. But today the occurrence of violent crime such as rape and murder is frighteningly high, and an oft-blamed reason for this is the ease in which handguns are obtained and used by criminals in their activities. This is precisely the reason that people are now calling louder than ever for the ban of handguns for anyone who is not a law enforcement official, a move that Nan De...

Free Essays on On His Blindness

Unlike Shakespeare's poem, but still refusing to acknowledge the sonnet's traditional form, the story of Milton's "On His Blindness" is autobiographical and describes a man who has suffered enormously through the loss of his sight and his talents. These are equal to the author and he refers to them as punishments. The whole of the poem consists of questions ("Doth God exact day labour light-denied?") revealing Milton's pain and although humility is sensed, there still remains the inevitable and haunting "Why me?". However, he is answered by Patience that it is not the one who has talents who earns God's love but the one who is able to "bear his mild yoke". The idea by itself resembles the theme of stoical endurance. The main message of Milton's sonnet is emphasised by the use of symbolism. The imagery consists of references to time, light/darkness, which resemble life and talents and the loss of them, time and God, all aiming at clarifying the picture of the author's suffering. First, there is "half my days", then come the "light", spent in this "dark world and wide". The uneasy and agoraphobic atmosphere is hastened by the appearing of God's figure: "He", "my Maker" and the pain sharpened by the mentioning of "gifts" once more. The sonnet, however, finishes with Patience - a symbol of faith, strength and maturity - pleading for the hero's stoical endurance. There is a similar development of attitude in "On His Blindness". The extreme resignation from the beginning of Milton's sonnet are eventually replaced by a more objective, less personal and wiser viewpoint. The statement "His state/ is kingly" proves the hero's obedience and the fact he has accepted to "bear his mild yoke", be patient and wait for God's sign. The English poet John Milton pondered these two distinct meanings of â€Å"talent† when, in 1651, he composed the well-known sonnet on his blindness, which begins, â€Å"When I consider how my light is spent [i.e., has fa... Free Essays on On His Blindness Free Essays on On His Blindness Unlike Shakespeare's poem, but still refusing to acknowledge the sonnet's traditional form, the story of Milton's "On His Blindness" is autobiographical and describes a man who has suffered enormously through the loss of his sight and his talents. These are equal to the author and he refers to them as punishments. The whole of the poem consists of questions ("Doth God exact day labour light-denied?") revealing Milton's pain and although humility is sensed, there still remains the inevitable and haunting "Why me?". However, he is answered by Patience that it is not the one who has talents who earns God's love but the one who is able to "bear his mild yoke". The idea by itself resembles the theme of stoical endurance. The main message of Milton's sonnet is emphasised by the use of symbolism. The imagery consists of references to time, light/darkness, which resemble life and talents and the loss of them, time and God, all aiming at clarifying the picture of the author's suffering. First, there is "half my days", then come the "light", spent in this "dark world and wide". The uneasy and agoraphobic atmosphere is hastened by the appearing of God's figure: "He", "my Maker" and the pain sharpened by the mentioning of "gifts" once more. The sonnet, however, finishes with Patience - a symbol of faith, strength and maturity - pleading for the hero's stoical endurance. There is a similar development of attitude in "On His Blindness". The extreme resignation from the beginning of Milton's sonnet are eventually replaced by a more objective, less personal and wiser viewpoint. The statement "His state/ is kingly" proves the hero's obedience and the fact he has accepted to "bear his mild yoke", be patient and wait for God's sign. The English poet John Milton pondered these two distinct meanings of â€Å"talent† when, in 1651, he composed the well-known sonnet on his blindness, which begins, â€Å"When I consider how my light is spent [i.e., has fa...

See intructions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

See intructions - Research Paper Example During the global warming process, the sun’s harmful ultraviolet and other solar radiation particles freely passes through the umbrella formation of the greenhouse gasses. The greenhouse gasses include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone elements. There are social and political aspects of global warming. Classroom learning, specifically science subject learning, should focus on incorporating the economic, ethical, and political aspects of global warming. Global warming political themes include implementing laws that will force companies to reduce global warming activities will improve agriculture product outputs. Global cooperation will fix the current global warming speed. The best solution is to implement laws that penalize violators of the global warming-based laws and persuading conserve electricity and other energy use. Lastly, the government encourages the people to ride the trains and public buses will help reduce car use, reducing global warm ing increase. Evidently, compliance with the government’ laws and government persuasions will reduce global warming. Introduction and Background of Global Warming. The political theme focuses on governance. Specifically, governance includes controlling the climate change factor, global warming (Kutting 2010, 107). The earth’s temperature is on a faster global warming path. ... Historically, global warming includes increased amounts of carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. The first carbon dioxide concentration was discovered at 13,000 feet above Peak of Mauna Loa, Hawaii in 1958. In 1998, the carbon dioxide concentration rose to 369 parts per million by volume (ppmv). The statistics is higher than the 316 ppmv carbon dioxide concentration during 1958 (Maslin 2007 12). In terms of the history of global warming, global warming is the side effect of population increase and technology. Human life started with the invention of the wheel. During the past, horses and small boats were used as means transportation. Later, trains and bigger vessels were used as means of transportation. Today, factories use fossil fuel and electricity to produce their finished products. Jet planes are currently being used as a faster means of transportation. The horses were replaced by modern day cars. With the geometric increase in the population, there is a corresponding geometr ic increase in car owners and factory outputs. Consequently, global warming increased to unprecedented modern day levels. Political Issues. In terms of theories and concepts, the government’s political will implies the legitimacy and authority to implement a carefully orchestrated policy. Consequently, the public popularity and responsible government are difficult to achieve simultaneously. The government’s challenge to provide stability in the global environment entails enacting laws that must serves the public interest. Public interest includes implementing environmental protection policies. Global warming falls under the environmental protection policies (Brink 2004, 71). Political will includes balancing between implementing laws that will protect the community and

MARKETING - Brands cannot be expected to last forever Essay

MARKETING - Brands cannot be expected to last forever - Essay Example The ability of brand to capture the market determines the term of its survival. Several factors play crucial roles in determining the life span of a brand. Raymond Vernon (as cited in Steers & Nardon, 2006, p.36) has developed a product or brand life cycle theory that clearly illustrates different phases in the life span of a brand, they are; product development, introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. It is the first phase of a brand life cycle and the company carries out design, production, and research in this phase in order to ensure that the proposed idea would meet customer needs effectively. According to Kotler, Keller, Koshy, and Jha (2009, p.550), the management team usually conducts some market surveys to identify current market trends. Subsequently the company makes further modifications to the product in the light of obtained market responses. During this phase, the designed product is introduced into the market under a certain brand name. As it is a new brand in the market, consumers may not have adequate knowledge about it. Hence, marketers launch some public campaigns to promote the specific features of the products and thereby to popularize the brand. During this phase, the branded product would build its foundation in the market. The launched public campaigns and promotional techniques would begin to show its outcomes. However, the company still works with its advertising efforts so as to expand the brand image in the market. The branded product would have maximum market shares and have reached its peak of sales. In the opinion of Kotler et al (2009, p.304), during the maturity phase, growth gradually begins to slow down. The term of the maturity phase may vary from product to product according to the value of brand image. According to Meissner (2010), in the decline phase, brand awareness would be high even though sales are on the decline. Price falls, weakness in competitiveness, and emergence of rival would be other common