Rabies :: Biology Medical Disease Rabies

Rabies Rabies virus belongs to the Lyssavirus family in which all the members are animal viruses mainly found in bats and are of a bullet-like shape. The virus is usually spread through bites or scratches. Rabies was first suspected in bats in Brazil during the 1910s. In 1931, it was diagnosed for the first time in Trinidad. Rabies is most common in Asia and found more in wild animals than in domestic animals or humans. There has only been one person who miraculously survived rabies even though she had never been previously exposed to it. Rabies virus belongs to the order Mononegavirales, and within this group, it falls into the Rhabdoviridae family because of its shape. This family includes three genera of animal viruses: Lyssavirus, Ephemerovirus, and Vesiculovirus. The genus Lyssavirus includes the rabies virus and other viruses that are mainly found in bats. The Rabies virus has a distinct bullet-like shape. The length of the virus structure is of about 180 nm with a cross-sectional diameter of about 75nm. Like a bullet, one end of the virus is rounded and the other end is planar or concave. The genome encodes 5-proteins: nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), glycoprotein (G), and polymerase (L). The two major structural components of viruses like rabies that fall under the rhabdoviruses family are: a helical ribonucleoprotein core (RNP) and a surrounding envelope. Rabies is an RNA virus. The arrangements of the five proteins and the RNA genome determine the structure of the rabies virus. The genome is a single-stranded, non-segmented, RNA of about 12kb that is followed by the five proteins. The rabies virus is usually spread through bites or scratches, abrasions, or through open wounds in the skin when saliva (and in certain conditions, the urine) from an infected animal that makes contact with the open flesh. The virus-induced, aggressive biting-behavior in the infected animal, along with the viral budding into the salivary glands, maximize the chances of viral infection to a new host. Rabies has been around for many years causing the deaths of animals as well as humans. During the 1910s, rabies in bats was suspected in Brazil. In 1931, it was definitively diagnosed for the first time in Trinidad in Latin America. Since 1985, bats have been the main rabies reservoirs identified. Bats are, and have been, the number one source of infection for the cases diagnosed in domestic animals every year. Recently in 2001, forty-nine U.S.

Re: P11-2

PROBLEM THREE [Min Shan Shih v the Queen 2000 DTC 2072 – Residence] Read the Tax Court of Canada case Min Shan Shih v the Queen 2000 DTC 2072 and explain in your own words the reason for the decision in the case. Solution to P3-3 The taxpayer was found not resident in Canada for the years in question because when all of the facts were considered, the taxpayer never became a resident of Canada.His normal routine of daily living remained in Taiwan (i. e. , his work, parents, social ties, etc. ). The taxpayer’s wife and children became resident in Canada so that the children could be educated in Canada. Facts supporting the position that the taxpayer was resident in Canada throughout the years in question, 1997, 1998, and 1999: Taxpayer owned a house in Canada, readily available to him at all times, †¢Taxpayer’s wife and children lived in Canada in the family home throughout the years in question, †¢Taxpayer filed a Canadian tax return for each of the year s, †¢Taxpayer gave the family home in Canada as his address on his tax returns, †¢Taxpayer had applied for permanent residence status in Canada for himself and his family, †¢In 1996 the taxpayer and his family were admitted to Canada as landed immigrants, †¢Taxpayer maintained a bank account in Canada jointly with his wife, †¢Taxpayer owned a car in Canada, Taxpayer obtained an Ontario driver’s license and an Ontario health card, †¢Taxpayer was the sole shareholder of a Canadian corporation, †¢In 2000 the taxpayer’s wife and children became citizens of Canada, and †¢The family home in Taiwan was sold prior to coming to Canada. Facts supporting the position that the taxpayer was not resident in Canada throughout the years in question: †¢Taxpayer was employed in Taiwan throughout the years in question, †¢Taxpayer maintained an apartment in Taiwan, Taxpayer’s pay (employment income) was deposited into his Taiwanese bank account, †¢Taxpayer had a Taiwanese driver’s license and pharmacist’s license, †¢All of the taxpayer’s club, church and professional association memberships were in Taiwan, †¢Taxpayer visited Canada only twelve times during the span 1996 – 1999, †¢Taxpayer spent a great deal more time in Taiwan than in Canada, †¢The education of the taxpayer’s children was the reason for coming to Canada and applying for landed immigrant status, †¢Taxpayer never had a permanent connection with Canada, Taxpayer had always lived in Taiwan, †¢Taxpayer was a citizen of Taiwan, †¢The purpose of the taxpayer’s visits to Canada during 1996 – 1999 were to visit his wife and children, †¢Taxpayer had strong family ties in Taiwan, his parents. Based on the facts, the taxpayer was found to be resident in Taiwan during the years in question. Since an individual may be resident in more than one country at the same t ime, one must question whether he was also resident in Canada.Apart from the presence of his wife and children in Canada, the taxpayer did not have other connections to Canada which would cause him to be resident. The taxpayer did not change his life pattern in Taiwan after he was admitted to Canada as a landed immigrant. If the taxpayer had been found resident in Canada, then his world income, including his Taiwan employment income, should have been reported on his Canadian tax returns for the years in question.

Essay The Pros and Cons of Liposuction - 1600 Words

Liposuction: The Bad and The Ugly nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Due to the risk involved, liposuction is not the answer to having a great body. Liposuction is one of the most popular forms of cosmetic surgery today. Those seeking the perfect body seldom understand the risks involved in this invasive surgery. One of the risks of liposuction is that fat cells can grow back in the area where the procedure took place. Another risk associated with this procedure is over-aggressive fat removal. Poor work performed by untrained doctors poses many problems in itself. Pulmonary Thrombosus, Lidocaine Toxicidy, and imbalances of bodily fluids also are serious risks associated with liposuction, not to mention the ultimate danger with any surgery,†¦show more content†¦The removal of 1,500 to 3,500 mL of fat or less does not pose that much of a risk. The chance of problems occuring increase when a larger volume of fat is removed, a number of areas are treated at the same time, and if the operative sites are larger in size than normal. The common recommendation of fat removal is not to exceed 12,000 mL, but some doctors do not take the patient’s health into consideration and exceed 12,000 mL. Any doctor who performs large volume liposuction must be well trained and have lots of experience. Any patients who receive large volume liposuction should stay in an overnight facility where the patient may be monitored and given medical treatment if needed (Pavlovich-Danis, 2001, p.3). Many of the risks associated with liposuction are due to the negligence of the surgeon or doctor performing the operation. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Due to the doctor’s lack of qualifications, lack of experience, and lack of training there is a high risk of something going wrong during liposuction surgery. The New York State Senate Committee of Investigations performed an investigation of doctors performing surgeries in the private establishment of their offices over the course of nine months. Found in the investgation was that many doctors were performing surgeries outside the scope of their training (Problems of Office, 1999, p.2). Not all of theShow MoreRelatedCosmetic Surgery: A Risky and Costly Procedure1355 Words   |  6 Pagesup dying, and it was not the first time an incident like this had happened (Cosmetic Surgery: CQR, 3). A patient had a liposuction procedure and shortly after she had died from fat clogs stuck in her lungs (3). Finally some offices have provided rules and regulations on surgery. Limits have been set on how long the surgery can be and how much fat can be taken from a liposuction session at one time (about 18 cups) (CQR, 1). Rules have been made on who can perform cosmetic surgery and whom can receiveRead MorePlastic Surgery Pros And Cons829 Words   |  4 Pages Plastic surgery for weight loss can have its pros and its cons. Great results can come out of different types of procedures. But, bad things can also be a result such as complications of surgery. Plastic surgery is a growing industry because of high obesity rates and associated health risks, in spite of high costs, risks, complications and the struggle weight maintenance after the surgery. According to an article in The Canadian Press by Mike Stobbe, 40 percent of adults and 18.5 percent of childrenRead More Media and Plastic Surgery Essay883 Words   |  4 Pagesjust older women turn to woman of all ages in there twenties and thirties also go to plastic surgery for a self-esteem boost. Younger women turn to surgeries like nose jobs, breast implants, buttox implants, cheek implants, collagen implants and liposuction to help make they feel better. 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It was treated as if it were an average, everyday procedure that could be done for anyone, anytime. In fact, â€Å"according to a study by the American Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, the risk of death from liposuction is one fatality per 47,415 procedures, but the rate increases to once every 3,281 procedures when liposuction is combined with abdominoplasty.† (Friedman) The more surgeries a person undergoesRead MoreWhat Makes Reconstructive Surgery?1936 Words   |  8 Pagesdeformities, mastectomy victims, skin issues, and self esteem booster. Due to the increase of reconst ructive surgery there are different types of surgical and non-surgical procedures, there are different types of patients, and there are several pros and cons. First of all, one may ask, â€Å"What is reconstructive surgery†? â€Å"The word ‘plastic’, comes from the Greek word ‘plastikos’, meaning to mold or shape, indicates that repair is generally brought about by moving tissue† (Reconstructive Surgery†, 2)Read MorePlastic Surgery Essay1788 Words   |  8 Pagesquickly and be very serious. After an infection sets in, it is sometimes necessary for patients to undergo additional surgery to remove necrotic skin and tissue, which can affect [the look of] the final cosmetic outcome† (source 7 pg. 2). â€Å"After liposuction, infections can be extremely dangerous because although the external incision is small, the internal wound under the skin can be large† (source 7 pg. 2). Aspiration, caused by anesthesia, can also lead to infections (source 7). â€Å"Cosmetic surgeryRead MoreSociety s Outlook On Plastic Surgery963 Words   |  4 Pagesoption for adolescents unless the procedure is due to medical reasons such as the reduction of insanely larger breast causing back pain to a fifteen-year-old girl. The top cosmetic surgical procedures done on teenagers are navel cosmetic surgery, Liposuction, both female and male breast reduction, rhinoplasty which deals with the nose and lastly otoplasty that deals with the ears (AMA Journal of Ethics). These procedures although some people might consider minor enhancements lead to the continuous needRead MorePlastic Surgery And Cosmetic Surgery1480 Words   |  6 Pages14 inches. Blondie Bennett ImagePlaceHolder: shutterstock From California, 38 year old Blondie Bennett, has accomplished her dream to look like a real-life Barbie by having 5 breast enlargement surgery and much more. She has had cheek implants, liposuction and botox. And she doesnt want to stop! She wants her breast to grow larger but due to a condition called Symmastia , which causes your breast or breast implants to merge, she is unable to do so. Blondie believes in the fact that barbies are dumbRead MorePlastic Surgery Helps Self-Esteem Essay954 Words   |  4 Pagestaller. Cosmetic surgery has been a widely spoken topic for over many years. Many are skeptical about it, and think that it should be banned. However, people are forgetting the positive effects that it gives, because everything that we do has pro and cons. An advantage of cosmetic surgery is the ability to correct physical defects. These patients may have physical defects that have resulted from an accident such as a scar from collision. Some people are born with physical defects that have plagues